Beacon back on

28MHz MEPT is back on as Im now back from my diving trip in Egypt.

Its currently warming up so freq is 28.000785ish MHz and will wander for best part of the day before it decides where it wants to be.

Taking no chances

As the isobars stack up ever closer and the cat gets fed up of being blown off the window sill, its time to start lowering some of the antennas here.

An electronics kit for Christmas?

About this time of year I am often asked by friends who have children about the same age as my daughter "Which electronics kit should I buy for my child?"

A good question as there is a bewildering array of them out there a very quick search on Amazon brings back over a thousand results, and add to that ebay, other online sellers and the offerings of the high street toy shops and it becomes a huge  number.

So - how to chose??

Well, You have to weigh up the level of experience your child has - if they are already past the basics and can solder then there is a wide range of specific purpose kits out there eg:

They are usually good value, Costing from a few pounds up to a few tens of pounds - (this particular  one  costs about £10  from here). Most of them are simple enough to get working and to stand some rough and ready assembly techniques. Lots to choose from  - but look out for well made kits with good documentation. A personal favourite manufacturer is Vellman who generally seem one of the better manufacturers, though there are many.





But... The chances are that if your child is already advanced enough  to be at this stage, they will be telling you what they want  rather than leaving you guessing. While these  sorts of  kits are a good introduction to soldering, its also important to note that actually these sort of kits actually teach you very little about actual electronics - much the same way as painting by numbers teaches you little about painting.  Its simply a case of finding the right component from the list and soldering it into the holes on the board.  Few kits go beyond a hurried circuit diagram and do not properly explain any of the underlying workings of the circuit.

On the whole - great for those wanting to learn to solder, or for the more advanced builder , but best to avoid if your child is a newcomer to electronics

Instead, aim for a multi project kit which includes good learning materials teaching the basics of electronic circuit design  in a progressive way - what is generally though of as an "electronics kit" rather than a "project".

Of these,  what I call the "wire - spring linkup " electronics kits are by far the most common.

They range from small, inexpensive  kits with a limited number of options such as this one shown on the left, to very comprehensive kits similar to the one shown on the right which can cost hundreds of pounds





I call them the "wire - spring linkup" type because of the way you construct the circuits you are building. The components themselves are in fixed locations  within the kit and to join them together you link them together by trapping the ends of insulated wires in spring loaded terminals which each component is equipped with.

 

These kits generally offer great value for money - though the maxim about getting what you pay for is still applicable. The better ones generally  cover the basic fundamentals of electronics - the beginnings of ohms law, how components work and how they relate to each other to make a circuit. The more comprehensive ones have some interesting circuits too - which is important as your child will want to see something useful at the end of all that wire linking.

They do however have a downside. Because the components are in fixed locations on the board, when you are linking them up, the resulting rats nest of wires will have no resemblance to the circuit diagram you are following. Fault finding can be difficult, and generally understanding what is going on is much harder.

If I personally had to chose a particular type of kit to recommend overall, it would be one like this:

 

 

 (This is the actual one I bought my daughter)

Why??   Well it comes down simply to this, you lay out the components and the links between them EXACTLY as it looks in the circuit diagram:

Brilliant!!





There are a range if kits by Snap Circuits, and other manufactures of this type ranging from a few tens of pounds up to a few hundreds .

While I cant comment on other manufacturers, the manuals produced in the genuine Snap Circuits kits are some of the best I have ever seen and closely follow the learning work which my daughter does at school. They are designed to be used by both learner and tutor - which is important as you will be taking a semi-active roll in helping your child with this right??  ;)


NB: links and images  are not intended to endorse any particular product / supplier - they are just the most convenient way of illustrating  this post - if any manufactures  / suppliers object to my use of their images  etc please leave me a message and I will edit accordingly.

Haynes in the oven.

Not a good start to Monday, it seems I left the haynes manual for the 4x4 on the bonnet yesterday (perils of working on car till its dark).  98% humidity overnight, plus a light frost means I had to chip it off the bonnet this morning. Duh!

Medium term drift seems to be settling down a bit now. The mark and space on my signal is about 6Hz, so as can be seen from the 15min grab I took - compared to te datum line I inserted it looks as though it wanders +/- 2Hz over the time frame.

Carrying out a similar test against WWV frequency stanards  on assorted bands and against my 10MHz standard  shows a minimum  +/- 1Hz drift attributable to the RX itself so Im reasonably pleased with that.

Just 48mW :)

My replacement 50R termination arrived yesterday (The magic smoke escaped from the old one, it didnt like 30 watts for some reason!) ;)

So I decided to re-measure the beacon output as the usual x10 scope probes dont always give a good reading from the dummy load terminals.





But, results were much as previous - Im seeing 4.4v p2p - which into 50R is just a shade over 48mW.


To give some perspective - thats about the same output as a bright LED!






But... its enough!

Thats my 48.4mW into a 1/2wave zepp at about 6mAGL - with 10m of RG8 - so probably closer to 45mW at the antenna - arriving over with Bill - W4HBK in Florida.



W4HBK::

Grid Square

EM60kj

US State

Florida

US County

Santa Rosa

Bearing

285.7° WNW (from G7NBP)

Distance

4355.8 mi (7010.1 km)

Sporadically active on 10m

OK - Ive slug up a very rough horizontal zepp for 10m  - main lobes roughly E/W from here.

Freq currently is 28.000810 MHz - ie tune to 28.0MHz USB  it will be a 810Hz tone

Currently 12wpm call in CW - followed by 10x callsign in QRSS6 FSK

and the results are in...

Well.... 3 hours of ten minutely data gathering done.


Results are.... interesting!


First the graphs:

And now the raw data:

time	ambient C	xtal C	diff C	10 min change C	freq Hz	relative drift over 10mins	total drift from power-on
09:30	23.4	27.6	4.2		0	0
09:40	23.8	28.2	4.4	0.2	727	0
09:50	23.9	29.8	5.9	1.5	737	10	10
10:00	23.9	31.1	7.2	1.3	754	17	27
10:10	24	32.1	8.1	0.9	761	7	34
10:20	23.9	33.1	9.2	1.1	771	10	44
10:30	24	33.8	9.8	0.6	777	6	50
10:40	24	34.4	10.4	0.6	784	7	57
10:50	23.7	35	11.3	0.9	790	6	63
11:00	23.6	35.3	11.7	0.4	793	3	66
11:10	23.5	35.8	12.3	0.6	797	4	70
11:20	23.4	36	12.6	0.3	801	4	74
11:30	23.4	36.2	12.8	0.2	802	1	75
11:40	23.3	36.3	13	0.2	804	2	77
11:50	23.3	36.5	13.2	0.2	807	3	80
12:00	23.3	36.6	13.3	0.1	808	1	81
12:10	23.3	36.7	13.4	0.1	810	2	83
12:20	23.3	36.8	13.5	0.1	810	0	83
12:30	23.3	36.8	13.5	0.0	810	0	83

So...

After 3 hours the temp seems to have stabilised out as does the freq, and the temp is lower than in previous tests.

Its still however showing better part of 100Hz drift over 3 hours from power on until it settles down.

Thats fine if you are going to be leaving the beacon running for days at a time, but if you are going to be turning on and off for  a few hours at a time thats going to get somewhat annoying. It also means that during warm up you could potentially end up crashing into someone elses signal.

Based on this, as I was discussing with G0CER yesterday, I think the trick here is NOT to switch off the beacon. (Duh!)   Yes I realise the licensing implications here, what I suggest is leaving it running 24:7, but when not present in the QTH to switch the output into a dummy load - that way no (in theory!) RF radiates beyond the boundary of the property whilst the beacon is unattended.


Im also now looking at active cooling - ie popping a heatsink onto the lid of the box and then running some PWM proportional to the temp into a fan to try and hold the temp at a lower constant temp - though as others have commented on the GQRP list - it would be better to address the electronic design first with negative co-efficient caps etc.


I think Ive gone about as far as Im going to go for now with thermal tests. The bottom end of 10m isnt exactly crowded with QRSS sigs, so I guess I can afford to let it wander a bit for now.

Next priority is actually getting a signal out - so Im just cutting a very hurried 10m Zepp to sling out for now. It will be horizontal pola and be strung up roughly north south. Expected main lobes should (fingers crossed!) be heading in roughly the right directions.


More later.
.

Xtal insulation

Polystyrene added around the xtal. This is of course an imperfect solution as the thermo-couple is in contact with the diecast box and will thus be not only reading the case temp but will be radiating some of that heat inside the polystyrene cube.






Tests underway now with this mod and bead jacket between inner and outer box. Ons at 10 min intervals.

Graphs and stats later.

28MHz QRSS beacon - further tests

Sadly no time last night for anything particularly scientific, but having observed temperatures  about a dozen times last night and again this morning it looks like this:


Condx  = 7.3v supply, in diecast box, in outer box, NO beads, sitting on rack.

probe temp holds at around 7C higher than ambient temp.

As the room temp in here varies between 23 - 26C depending on if lights and monitors are on - the resulting swing on the after an hour or so from power on is 30.4 - 33.8 (from observation).

Heating appears to be significantly less than with a 12v supply.

What I plan to do now is:

a) cut a polystyrene block to fit around the xtal inside the diecast box to reduce temperature changes inside the box from any convection etc

b) re-add the beads to provide thermal insulation from room changes.





.....   Oh... and try and get a wire antenna up today :)

28MHz QRSS beacon

Well, as promised elsewhere - a quick update on where I am with the 10m QRSS beacon project. 

I decided not to bury it!  Instead its going to live on the rack here in the shack / server room. Temps in here are fairly constant, but I decided to try adding a thick layer of thermal insulation around the beacon to elevate its temp to help buffer it from minor temp changes in here.  This may not be ideal!

Read on...

Here we see the completed beacon PCB inside a diecast box.

The device poking through the lower edge of the box is a thermocouple. It is directly above the oscillator crystal - so should give a direct readout of the temperature inside the box nearest the xtal.

 
This can be seen in more detail in this image.

Here we see it with the lid on the diecast box, inside its outer casing. The thermocouple is showing at that stage about 4 degrees above room temp - and a current drain of 90mA.

Now we see the digital thermometer mounted on the front panel, along with keyswitch and power LED.

The next stage was adding the thermal insulation - in this case polystyrene beads.

.... until it looks like this.

And then we quickly screw the lid down before all the beads escape!

And there it is sat on the rack.










So, tests began about 5 hours ago. Once every five minutes I recorded the xtal temp, and the frequency in Hz (audio) with my RX set to 28.000 MHz CW.

The beacon is at present TXing into a dummy load with lose coupling to the RX. (Im still torn between a half wave end fed vert and a halo when I do get an antenna up - but thats another story!)

Im using my usual studio quality soundcard (24bit) to sample the recovered audio from the RX, and used Baudline (an audio analysis tool) to take measurements of the frequency of the mark and space tones. This provides an accuracy roughly on a par with my frequency counter, (limited by the unknown drift on my RX in fact) but makes it easier to read the changing frequencies brought about by the FSK which on a counter is a bit of a pain.

yes - the FSK is a bit on the high side - about 8Hz - I was aiming for 5 but with the lid on and temp up the FSKing is also slightly increased.


These were the figures for the first 3 hours:

 (Raw data follows.)


mins  temp C  freq Hz
0     25      760
5     25.6    748
10    26.9    741
15    28.2    740
20    29.4    742
25    30.5    748
30    31.7    758
35    32.5    766
40    33.3    769
45    34.2    772
50    34.9    775
55    35.5    778
60    36.2    782
65    36.8    787
70    37.2    792
75    37.7    794
80    38.2    799
85    38.5    801
90    38.9    805
95    39.3    809
100   39.5    811
105   39.8    815
110   40.1    817
115   40.3    820
120   40.5    822
125   40.8    824
130   40.9    826
135   41.1    828
140   41.2    830
145   41.3    832
150   41.5    833
155   41.6    834
160   41.8    835
165   41.9    837
170   42.0    839
175   42.1    839
180   42.1    840

After 3 hours I stopped taking five minutely readings, and checked sporadically.

After 5 hours the Xtal temp had reached 43.5cand the frequency had reached 858Hz thats around 100Hz moved for around 20c temp change.

Although the values where beginning to flatten off, I pulled the plug after 5 hours as I feel that the thermal insulation is perhaps just a little too efficient!

Looking at the mark and space data on the display it was clear that once the xtal temp was past 33c that there was slightly more 1Hz jitter on the signal. No tests done to confirm this or the cause yet - but Im guessing that the PA transistor is sitting a fair bit warmer than the xtal and may be running away a little.

My main worry though is that as this will be operating as a MEPT (Manned Experimental Propagation Transmitter) to remain within licencing conditions it  will spend some quite sizeable times powered off when Im not physically here. The long ramp up time to stability  is not going to be condusive to a device that is turned on and off frequently. (As I am writing this the temp has dropped by over 3 degrees in 8 minutes, showing that cool down is much swifter than warm-up).

I think I may need to add a simple heater circ to the diecast box for more rapid warm ups, and to limit the upper temp to about 30c.

More tests will follow...

ICT is not CS

Its been a while since I did a wordy post, but having just watched a short video from the beebs archive, its prompted me to comment on something I feel strongly about:

ukict != cs;

Sadly thats not going to mean a lot to most people, and therein lies my point.

In my opinion the current UK schools curriculum subject ICT is not fit for purpose. It is simply not a substitute for teaching Computer Science. It is creating a generation of mindless point and clickers.


And it seems Im not alone in this worry. Have a look at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/9612063.stm


Some schools even struggle to teach the basic ICT curriculum particularly well, but in reality what they need to be looking at is a return to teaching Computer Science. Scary - but its time for a rethink.

When I was growing up, if I wanted to play a computer game, I had to write it. Yes really write it - type in the code, line by line. I realise that for most people under the age of 35 thats kind of shocking now, but really thats what we had to do. The thing is, the need to do that, to develop your own software is now long gone. These days you just download an app yes??, or bung in a CD.....?

But ask yourself - where do these apps come from??? Someone has to write them.... That would be the software developers.

At school us forty-something developers did "computer studies". We learned all the basics (pun possibly intended!) of the nuts and bolts of how to write software. We also covered fundamentals such as boolean algebra and binary math. Yes, I know they are mentioned in the current curriculum - but thats it - they are just mentioned.

There is a whole generation now  who are, and probably only ever will be IT consumers rather than IT creators. We are educating the masses to blindly use software created by others rather than innovating new software ourselves.

We have to tackle this with our current teenagers or risk a huge skills gap in the future.

As followers of my assorted blogs will know, we have an "Emily". She is our daughter, and we think she is amazing. In a lot of ways however, she is very typical. Very typical of a bright 13 year old. She does well at school, but would take exception to being thought of as "Geeky".

The thing is that despite this non-nerd status, with a few sessions of goal based,workshop style teaching at home and a LOT of support on the practicalities of turning "what-if" into "how-to", Emily is able to turn out things like this:




For those of you who havent already seen it, thats live and historical data coming from a set of network connected sensors (which emily mainly designed and built) being collected, stored, graphed and pushed back out to the web using software that Emily herself wrote with very little help.

see http://myweatherblog.wordpress.com/livedata/ - you can read about some of the technology behind it here : http://myweatherblog.wordpress.com/equipment-4/

With project-based workshops and goal-based motivation as the teaching method Emily has gained a good enough basic grasp on simple digital electronics, networking, programming and databases to achieve all this in a little over 12 months - probably equivalent to 3 terms classroom time.

If im honest, I would say with the same level of help MOST children in Emilys class at school would be able to cope with the key aspects of how this project works and as a group project would find it both attainable and enjoyable.

The import thing here is that actually projects like this tick so many of those all important ticky boxes for cross curricular attainmnet and key skills that it makes your hair curl!

So what is the current ICT curriculum asking them to do? Well, a lot of it focusses on skills like how to open a spreadsheet, create a powerpoint slide, turn the computer on and off without breaking windows. All valid skills - as an IT consumer - but not exactly inspirational for the next generation of Uber Developers.

An understanding of the mechanics of computing is not something we can just leave until AS level and hope that a few "bright" ones will stick with ICT long enough to want a career out of it. And a couple of lessons spent creating a web page with WYSIWG editor is NOT learning about programming. The science part of computing has to be there from the earliest days of learning.

So... what can we as parents do? Well, I suggest you buy one of the many workbooks available for the current curriculum and make sure that your childs school is teaching the existing curriculum well. But also to see what is not being taught.


We can of course lobby the government to rethink computing education in the UK - but educational reform tends to be a slow process, so we need to think about the short term too.

If you have the skills, you could do what a lot of us do and not only help our own children, but to volunteer to help run afterschool classes and groups to bring technology to the kids.

But, if I had to chose something to say to all parents to help their kids WANT to take a deeper interest in IT and technology - I suggest the age old way of teaching kids techy stuff - make it fun!


Download a copy of Scratch developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab (its free! - and windows/mac/linux flavours) and buy them a copy of this: Scratch programming for Teens










If you were paying close attention to the BBC video at the top of this post you might recognise the above image.

To pinch a quote from the scratch website:

"Scratch is a programming language that makes it easy to create your own interactive stories, animations, games, music, and art -- and share your creations on the web.


As young people create and share Scratch projects, they learn important mathematical and computational ideas, while also learning to think creatively, reason systematically, and work collaboratively."

Scratch is the Lego(tm) of the programming world. You literally drag and drop building blocks of code together graphically to add interactivity to objects. Its quick, easy and intuitive. But it is based on real programming constructs - decisions, loops, conditionals, variables, objects and actions.

Scratch was the first programming language Emily learned. I didn't teach it to her. She learned it. I simply installed a copy on her PC and said "hey - check this out - its kinda good". And she got it... She just Got It. Yes, I've offered the occasional bit of help now and then - and perhaps suggested she look again to see if the was a simpler way of doing something. But Scratch teaches itself.


Based on what She has learned, Emily now programs in varying degrees of depth - Arduino, C, Processing, PHP, MySQL and the Linux shell Bash. She still has a lot to learn, but she has the fundamentals and thats the key. She knows how to do useful stuff, and knows how to find out stuff she doesn't know. And that the core skill of anyone working in software design, or electronics, or engineering etc etc etc.

And if you are thinking that OK Scratch looks cool but what does it lead to?? - well... as commented above Emilys grasp of programming constructs come from her introduction via scratch, but sticking with graphical block programming for a moment further - the concept has been carried forward - again via MIT and Google - to produce App Inventor - the graphical development language for Android based mobile phones and other devices.





App Inventor will be Emily's development platform for a whole host of new projects over then next couple of years.

So Go ON! Get your kids into something thats going to change not just their world - but everyones. Who knows, the next app you download to your phone might have been written by your son or daughter!


Some more links (from Emily's bookmarks) to play with:

http://makezine.com/
http://arduino.cc/
http://mindstorms.lego.com/en-us/Default.aspx
http://www.adafruit.com/blog/about/
http://www.oomlout.com/a/
http://www.modk.it/
http://processing.org/
http://hackaday.com/
http://www.instructables.com/

Ts140 repair

I had a spare few mins this afternoon so I thought I would tackle the intermittent audio fault on my TS140. Previously I had traced it down to the external speaker socket on the rear - it seemed to be dependant on the angle of the audio jack as to weather audio came out of the external speaker - but if unplugged audio did not always return to the internal speaker via the make/break contacts in the socket.

I was hoping a squirt of switch cleaner was going to solve the problem, but no - as I feared it was a broken joint on the PCB under the socket.



Every last nut and bolt out to get to it and the zillion and one mini connectors undone before I could lift the PCB to get to solder the joint. Im not usually squeamish when it comes to repairs, but this one had me sweating! The TS140 was built between the times when you took your rig apart with a hammer, and recent tech where basically you dare not take a bolt out of the case - (and even if you did what would you change?) So it has an overly large number of interconnections and lots of scope for making existing dry joints worse.

Thankfully it now seems happy - Even with the lid on!

Morse wine

Todays discovery

Emily has updated the equipment information section of her blog ( http://myweatherblog.wordpress.com/equipment-4/ ) to reflect the recent sensor array changes - a full pdf download report with lots more pix, circuit diags and source code will be along shortly...

Weekly graphs added

Weekly graph data has now been added to Emily's sensor project - http://myweatherblog.wordpress.com/livedata

Arduino - HTF3223 Humidity Sensor

Over the past six months or so I have been helping my daughter with a remote mounted sensors project to supplement the info from her weather station on her blog. Light and temperature sensing via the analogue ports has presented no problems (LDR and TMP36), but when it comes down to humidity sensing its a bit more complex.

Although you can buy some inexpensive resistive humidity sensors, these are not suitable for DC reading and have to be read using an AC waveform at a few KHz to avoid eventual damage to the devices.

There are ready made humidity sensor system which use SPI/I2C bus communication which give very good results, but looking at them,they tend to be a little pricey and the required source code is a bit beyond the level of Arduino coding Emily is happy with.

After a LOT of digging I came up with the Humirel HTF3223 Sensor.

Unlike other sensors, it provides an analogue value out which is linear with the relative humidity, but rather than a voltage it outputs a variable frequency square wave at between 8 and 10KHz.

So - how are we going to convert frequency to something useful??

Well there is a frequency counter lib available, but for a top frequency of around 10KHz its a bit like using a sledgehammer to crack a nut.

After a bit of googling I found several examples of using the pulsein function. The following code gives a very quick example of reading the frequency from the humidity module, and using a simple conversion formula, convert it to relative humidity.

/*

Humidity sensor test for HTF3223 humidity sensor

By G7NBP - Chris Williams

V0.0.1 28th - May 2011

The inexpensive HTF3223 sensor (ebay etc) provides good accuracy relative humidity
sensor readings (typically +/- 5%) and has a simple linear output.

Its output however is in the form of a variable frequency proportionate to the humidity.

The formula for convertion is RH = (9740/Freq)/18

Although it is possible to use the frequency library to collect the frequency, this
is somewhat overkill as the freq is not expected to be above 10KHz.

Instead the pulseIn function is used and frequency averaged over 4096 counts.



connect H pin on  HTF3223 to digital pin 7

*/

const int hpin = 7;  // the sensor pin

 
void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
  pinMode(hpin, INPUT);

}

void loop() {
  long sensorValue = getFrequency(hpin);    // get the raw sensor frequency
  long humidity = convertToRH(sensorValue); // convert it to RH%
  Serial.print("S:");
  Serial.print(sensorValue, DEC);
  Serial.print(" H:");
  Serial.print(humidity, DEC);
  Serial.println("%");
  delay(3000);
 
}

long getFrequency(int pin){
  #define SAMPLES 4096
  long freq = 0;
  for(unsigned int j=0; j<SAMPLES; j++) freq+= 500000/pulseIn(pin, HIGH, 250000);
  return freq / SAMPLES;
}


long convertToRH(long sensorValue){
  long rh = (9740-sensorValue)/18;
  return rh;
}

Can you guess what it is yet - the update

Well the more astute visitors to the site correctly identified the mystery object as Emilys weather sensor array project.



The device designed and built mainly by Emily is an ethernet connected sensor array, measuring Light, Temperature and Relative Humidity.

There is of course, an Arduino lurking in there as the main device, along with the ethernet shield. Sensors are TMP36 for temperature, A simple LDR for light and an HF3223 Humidity sensor. All of these live in the top enclosure.

The lower enclosure and antenna system were added when it was discovered that the TMP36 sensors were somewhat prone to false readings when subjected to local high RF fields (the array is not too far away from my R7000 HF and UHF collinear antennas). Inside the enclosure is a modified RF pre-amp followed by a simple diode rectifier circuit feeding one of the analog inputs on the arduino - giving a relative filed strength measurement. This allows data which may be subject to false levels to be dropped when processing the data.

Data is collected via one of our servers every 60 seconds by making an http request (scripted in phpcli) to the ethernet shield on the arduino - results are returned from the sensors as a simple comma separated string. The phpcli script then saves the data - including the RF levels to a MySQL database.

The resulting livedata, and historical data is then processed using php and the GD image libs along with JPgraph to produce dynamic images in her blog site:

see : http://myweatherblog.wordpress.com/livedata/











There will be a full writeup with photos, hardware diagrams, networking info, description of making a "power over ethernet cable",  arduino code, php and mysql etc on Emilys blog site shortly. I will post a crosslink when its finished

Congratulations to Emily on this fine piece of work - almost all the hardware, software, networking and database work was done by Emily herself. Brilliant effort and a great project over the summer holiday.

Can you guess what it is yet?

Another bit of kit has gone up @ the g7nbp qth, can you guess what? All will be revealed shortly :)